The H5N1 avian influenza virus has been a global concern, especially in recent years. In 2020, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 was first identified in Europe and spread to Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. The virus has caused major outbreaks in poultry, with the U.S. experiencing its worst bird flu outbreak, resulting in the deaths of approximately 52.7 million birds across 46 states since February 2022. H5N1 has also been detected in other animals, such as dairy cows and alpacas, and has caused rare but severe human infections.